Learn Solidity Smart Contract Development | Full 2024 Cyfrin Updraft Course

Updated: December 25, 2024

Patrick Collins


Summary

The video provides an in-depth overview of smart contract development, blockchain technology, and decentralized finance. It covers a wide range of topics including GitHub resources, MetaMask usage, gas fees, Chainlink integration, and testing strategies. The speaker explains concepts like deploying smart contracts on different networks, creating ERC20 tokens, minting NFTs, and ensuring security through audits and smart contract best practices. The tutorial concludes with insights on DAOs, governance tokens, smart contract security, and the importance of continued learning and participation in the blockchain space.


Introduction to the Course

Overview of the course, its content, and the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the learning experience.

GitHub Resources and Interactions

Introduction to the GitHub resources page, discussions, and Discord for real-time communication and support.

Effective Learning Strategies

Best practices for effective learning, including taking breaks, pacing, and utilizing subtitles for non-native English speakers.

Smart Contracts and Blockchain Basics

Explanation of smart contracts, blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, and the significance of trust-minimized agreements.

Smart Contract Applications and Benefits

Exploration of the applications, benefits, and security aspects of smart contracts in various industries.

Decentralization and Transparency

Understanding the concepts of decentralization, transparency, and immutability in blockchain networks and smart contracts.

Transaction Demonstration

Step-by-step guide to making a transaction on a test Ethereum blockchain using MetaMask wallet.

Introduction to Secret Recovery Phrase

Explains the importance of the secret recovery phrase in Metamask, which is a series of 12 words generated during setup to recover the wallet. Emphasizes the need to keep it secure to avoid unauthorized access to the wallet.

Creating a Secure Wallet

Discusses the importance of writing down and storing the secret recovery phrase securely. Advises against sharing the phrase with anyone to ensure the safety of the wallet.

Preparing for Transactions

Introduces the concept of using fake money and assets for practice transactions before handling real funds. Emphasizes the need to maintain separate wallets for real money transactions.

Working with Test Networks

Explains the use of test networks to simulate transactions before engaging with the mainnet. Demonstrates how to switch between different networks and obtain test tokens for practice transactions.

Understanding Gas and Transaction Fees

Explores the concept of gas in Ethereum transactions, including gas limits and gas prices. Provides insight into transaction fees and their calculation based on gas used and gas price.

Blockchain Fundamentals

Covers the basics of blockchain technology, including block creation, mining, and the immutability of blockchain data. Discusses the role of private keys and digital signatures in ensuring transaction security.

Understanding Gas Fees and Burning Ethereum

This chapter explains the concept of gas fees, including the max fee, priority fee, and tipping miners. It also covers the burning of Ethereum and how it affects circulation.

EIP 1559 and Gas Fees

Details on EIP 1559 and its impact on gas fees in Ethereum transactions are discussed. The chapter explains the base gas fee and how it fluctuates based on network demand.

Blockchains and Gas Burning

The chapter delves into the limited block space in blockchains and how it impacts gas burning. It emphasizes the correlation between block fullness and gas fees.

Consensus Mechanisms: Proof of Work & Proof of Stake

A comparison of proof of work and proof of stake as consensus mechanisms is provided with a focus on security and decentralization.

Layer 1 and Layer 2 in Blockchain Scalability

Exploration of layer 1 and layer 2 solutions for blockchain scalability, including examples like Avalanche and discussion on their importance.

Understanding Rollups and Vitalik's Milestones

An explanation of rollups, their operation, and the categorization framework based on Vitalik's proposed milestones for blockchain scalability.

ZK Sync Testnet Transaction Process

Step-by-step guide on making a transaction on ZK Sync testnet, including adding the network to MetaMask, using a faucet, and bridging funds between chains.

Interacting with Smart Contracts

Explanation of the advantages of using ZK rollup, including verifiable legitimacy of transactions, ease of smart contract compilation, address compatibility with Metamask, and low gas costs.

Solidity Basics

Introduction to Solidity fundamentals, including how to become a smart contract developer, security researcher, and blockchain engineer.

Using Remix for Smart Contracts

Demonstration of using Remix for writing smart contracts, compiling code, deploying contracts, and running transactions in a simulated environment.

Writing Smart Contracts in Solidity

Instructions on writing smart contracts in Solidity, defining variables, functions, and visibility keywords like public, private, external, and internal.

Assigning Favorite Number and Name

Assigning a favorite number and a name using variables in solidity.

Creating a Custom Type

Creating a custom type 'person' in solidity and initializing variables.

Working with Arrays in Solidity

Learning to create and work with arrays in solidity, specifically an array of custom type 'person'.

Adding Multiple Persons to Array

Exploring how to add multiple persons to a smart contract in solidity using arrays.

Creating Functions in Solidity

Creating functions in solidity to add and retrieve people from an array in a smart contract.

Compiling and Debugging Solidity Code

Understanding the process of compiling and debugging solidity code, including handling errors and warnings.

Using AI Tools for Error Handling

Utilizing AI tools like GitHub discussions, Stack Exchange, and Piranha for error resolution in solidity code.

Memory and Storage in Solidity

Understanding the concepts of memory and storage in solidity and their importance in variable assignment.

Working with Mappings in Solidity

Exploring the use of mappings in solidity to create key-value pairs for efficient data retrieval.

Deploying Smart Contract to Test Nets

Step-by-step guide on deploying a smart contract to a test net like Sapoia and ZK Sync using Remix and Metamask.

Defi and Financial Simplification

Discussion on topics like DeFi and complex financial storage.

Creating a Deployable Contract

Guidance on creating a function to deploy a simple storage contract and understand contract linkage.

Structuring Code and Imports

Explanation on organizing code and using imports to simplify code structure.

Inheriting Contract Functionalities

Demonstration of inheriting functionalities from one contract to another to minimize coding effort.

Utilizing Chainlink Oracle Network

Introduction to Chainlink Oracle Network for obtaining external data in smart contracts.

Using Chainlink VRF for Lotteries and Gaming

Exploration of using Chainlink VRF for ensuring randomness in lotteries, NFTs for gaming, and more.

Chainlink Keepers

Introduction to Chainlink Keepers for automating tasks in smart contracts, eliminating the need for manual operations.

Chainlink Keepers Examples

Overview of examples where Chainlink Keepers can be utilized, such as triggering events based on specific conditions.

Working with Chainlink Data Feeds

Utilizing Chainlink data feeds to gather external data in smart contracts, focusing on obtaining Ethereum price in USD.

Creating a get Price Function

Creating a function to retrieve the price of Ethereum in USD using Chainlink data feed and performing necessary conversions.

Understanding ABI and Functionality

Explaining the importance of ABI (Application Binary Interface) for interacting with smart contracts and how to obtain it efficiently.

Using Chainlink Price Feeds

Leveraging Chainlink Price Feeds to access real-world pricing data in smart contracts and ensuring correct unit conversions.

Implementing SafeMath Library

Implementing the SafeMath library in Solidity to handle arithmetic operations safely and prevent overflow or underflow errors.

Introduction to Withdrawal Function

Setting up a withdrawal function in a smart contract to allow users to withdraw funds, ensuring proper handling of gas and errors.

Securing Withdrawal Function

Securing the withdrawal function by implementing access control for only the contract owner to withdraw funds using modifiers in Solidity.

Implementing Modifiers

Explanation and implementation of modifiers in Solidity using the only owner keyword for adding functionality quickly and securely.

Deploying and Testing Smart Contract

Process of deploying a smart contract, testing it on different networks, and verifying functionality by interacting with Metamask and the contract functions.

Gas Optimization Techniques

Introduction to gas optimization techniques in Solidity including using constant and immutable keywords for gas savings in variable declarations.

Fallback and Receive Functions

Explanation and demonstration of fallback and receive functions in Solidity to handle incoming transactions and route them to the appropriate functions, enhancing the contract's usability and security.

Using ZK Sync Plugin

Deployment process of a smart contract using the ZK Sync plugin, including updating contract addresses and compiling with the ZK Sync compiler for gas efficiency on Layer 2 networks.

AI Debugging and Software Engineering

Overview of AI debugging tools and software engineering principles, emphasizing effective communication with AI systems, using forums, and asking well-formatted questions for problem-solving and learning.

GitHub for Code Collaboration

Importance of GitHub for code collaboration, self-learning, and problem-solving, including creating GitHub accounts, posting issues, and engaging with open-source communities for improvement.

Back Ticks in Questions

Using back ticks in questions and the importance of proper formatting for readability.

Joining Forums for Help

Encouraging participation in forums for assistance and learning in the industry.

Additional Resources for Learning Ethereum

Introduction to additional resources for learning about Ethereum beyond the course.

Getting Started with Building on Ethereum

Tips for getting started with building on Ethereum using ethereum.org.

Introduction to Foundry Course

Overview of the Foundry course for smart contract development.

Moving to a Professional Setup

Transitioning from remix to a more professional setup using Foundry for smart contract development.

Setting Up Visual Studio Code

Instructions for setting up Visual Studio Code for development.

Using WSL for Smart Contract Development

Explanation and installation guide for using WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) for smart contract development.

Installation of Foundry

Steps for installing Foundry for smart contract development.

Adjusting Settings in Visual Studio Code

Tips for adjusting settings in Visual Studio Code for better coding experience.

Setting Up and Compiling Code

Learn how to save code without formatting, compile code using Forge, interact with contracts using Foundry, and work with Anvil for testing.

Using Anvil and Ganache

Explore the features of Anvil for testing contracts, understand the deprecation of Truffle Suite, and transition to using Anvil for blockchain development.

Configuring Networks and Deploying Contracts

Configure networks in Metamask, interact with ganache and Anvil, deploy contracts to local and test networks, and handle network settings.

Deploying Contracts with Foundry

Go through the process of scripting and deploying contracts using Foundry, understanding the script structure, and sending transactions securely.

Deploying Smart Contracts

Learn to deploy smart contracts, interpret transaction data, understand private key security, and deploy contracts securely to different networks.

Ensuring Private Key Security

Understand the importance of securing private keys, encrypting private keys in files, following best practices for private key management, and using secure methodologies for deployment.

Setting Up a Private Key

Explained the importance of not using a private key in aemv and provided alternative methods such as using a cash wallet import and deleting the key from history after writing it.

Interacting with Deployed Contracts

Demonstrated how to interact with deployed contracts by using commands like 'send' and 'call' to send transactions and view functions.

Deploying Contracts to Test Net

Discussed deploying contracts to a test net, recommending the use of Alchemy platform for RPC URL and private key setup.

Foundry ZK Sync Edition

Explained the process of using Foundry ZK Sync Edition for deployment, including installation instructions and switching between vanilla Foundry and ZK Sync Edition.

Understanding Transaction Types

Discussed different types of transactions in the EVM ecosystem, including legacy, type one, and type two transactions, and how they affect deployment costs.

Alchemy Dashboard and RPC Calls

Introduced the Alchemy platform and demonstrated how to debug RPC calls using the Alchemy dashboard, focusing on identifying issues like insufficient gas funds.

Overview of Transactions

Explains the different types of transactions including those that have gone through, pending transactions waiting to be mined or validated, and provides information on transaction details like gas cost, network, and value.

Additional Transaction Information

Shows how to access more detailed information about transactions, including gas cost, network, transaction value, and time taken for transaction completion. It also covers transaction features and their benefits for developers.

Developer Resources

Provides a list of resources such as APIs, SDK libraries, and tools for developers to enhance their experience. Mentions tutorials and guides to help build applications and expand knowledge.

Project Completion Celebrations

Congratulates viewers on completing a project on Foundry, encourages sharing achievements, and expresses gratitude to the audience for their participation.

Recap of Foundry Tools

Offers a recap of the tools used in Foundry, including compiling, interacting with contracts, sending transactions on MetaMask, using keys safely, and interacting with contracts programmatically.

Writing Tests for Smart Contracts

Explains the importance of writing tests for smart contracts and demonstrates writing tests for a basic contract function increment. Discusses the use of console logs for debugging and demonstrates the setup for writing tests in Solidity.

Deploying Smart Contracts

Walks through deploying a smart contract using Foundry, running deploy scripts, testing deployment using Forge test, and ensuring proper contract initialization. Also, covers the use of deploy scripts for testing functionality.

Refactoring Contract Code

Discusses the need for refactoring contract code to make deployments more modular and adaptable to different networks. Demonstrates updating contract code to remove hardcoding of addresses and improve deployment flexibility.

Using Helper Config for Dynamic Addresses

Introduces a helper config script to manage addresses dynamically based on the network being deployed to. Shows how to set up helper config for different networks and retrieve addresses for testing without hardcoding.

Testing on Forked Networks

Learn how to test contracts on forked networks instead of deploying to mainnet, allowing for faster and more efficient testing.

Setting Up Mock Contracts

Create mock contracts in the Anvil config to simulate contract behavior and avoid the need to deploy actual contracts for testing.

Improving Test Readability

Enhance test readability by using constants for magic numbers, improving code understanding and audit reports.

Testing Contract Functions

Write tests for contract functions like funding and withdrawal to ensure they behave as expected.

Gas Optimization through Storage

Optimize gas usage by minimizing storage read operations in smart contracts, leading to more cost-effective contract operations.

Storage Variables

Discussed the importance of identifying unchangeable and mutable variables in storage, using uppercase for constant variables, and underscore naming conventions for storage variables.

Style Guides for Variables

Highlighted the significance of having style guides for code layout, function names, and line length, emphasizing the use of different naming conventions for different types of variables.

Setting Up ReadMe

Introduced the idea of creating a proper README.md file for projects, emphasizing the sections like Getting Started, Usage, and Best Practices for creating a comprehensive guide for users.

Creating Interaction Scripts

Explained the process of creating interaction scripts to fund and withdraw from contracts programmatically, including details on script structure and interactions with the contract.

Using Make Files

Demonstrated the use of Makefiles to automate project tasks like building and deploying contracts, making tasks more streamlined and manageable through command line execution.

Testing with Integration Tests

Discussed the importance of integration tests for contracts, separated integration and unit tests in different folders, and explained how to run tests for contract interactions.

Foundry ZK Sync Checker

Introduced the ZK Sync Checker to identify differences between Foundry and ZK Sync chains, helping developers understand compatibility and nuances of working with different EVM chains.

Pushing Code to GitHub

Guided on pushing code to a GitHub repository, covering Git commands for initializing repositories, committing changes, and pushing code to GitHub via the command line.

Understanding GitHub Workflow

Explained the importance of GitHub in collaborative software development, showcasing how to interact with repositories, make commits, and demonstrate proficiency in using GitHub for version control.

Opening and Inspecting with Metamask

The video starts with opening a file explorer to explore a button that opens in the path, then explores how Metamask interacts with the browser by inspecting and using JavaScript to connect with websites.

Connecting Metamask with Websites

Explains how websites interact with wallets using Metamask, including connecting, sending transactions, and interacting with wallets on HTML files.

Interacting with Smart Contracts

Demonstrates how to interact with a smart contract using functions like get balance, withdraw, and fund, and explains the process of deploying and connecting to networks like Anvil.

Verifying Transactions and Function Calls

Goes through verifying transactions and function calls on smart contracts, including understanding the hex data, function selectors, and ensuring the website calls the correct functions.

Using Events in Smart Contracts

Introduces the concept of events in smart contracts, their importance, and how to use them to log and track actions, emphasizing their role in making transactions traceable and querying easier.

Setting Up Enter Raffle Function

In this section, the speaker sets up the enter raffle function by defining the necessary steps to emit events and update the raffle function with random number generation.

Picking a Winner

The speaker explains the process of picking a winner in a lottery smart contract, including getting a random number, automating the process, and setting a time interval for each lottery run.

Using Chainlink VRF

Details about using Chainlink VRF (Verifiable Random Function) to obtain provably random numbers in a deterministic blockchain system, including setting up a subscription, adding funds, and creating consumers.

Adding Randomization Functionality

Explanation of implementing randomization functionality using Chainlink VRF, making a request for random numbers, working with vrf consumer base, and updating the fulfill random words function.

Picking a Random Winner

The process of picking a random winner from an array of participants in a raffle smart contract, including using a modulo function, determining the winner, and paying out the winner's prize.

State Variables Initialization

Setting default state variable values for the raffle State in the Constructor to open state and handling the revert logic for entering the raffle when the state is open.

Updating the Raffle State

Updating the raffle State to prevent new entries once the state is changed to calculating the winner.

Implementing State Updates

Handling state updates in the fulfill random words function including clearing player lists and resetting the timestamp for raffle interval restart.

Events Implementation

Introducing events like 'winner picked' to notify when a winner is selected in the lottery.

Function Interaction Pattern

Explaining the importance of checks, effects, and interactions in smart contract functions to ensure proper execution order.

Refactoring and Code Patterns

Discussing refactoring strategies and common code patterns in smart contract development for better readability and maintenance.

Chainlink Automation

Exploring Chainlink automation to automate lottery functions like picking the winner without manual intervention.

Creating and Testing Scripts

Creating deploy scripts, configuring network parameters, and setting up test environments for the smart contract.

Deploying Mock Contract

The process of deploying a mock contract to the Ethereum Main net or Layer 2, emphasizing the importance of a robust setup and devops process for different chains.

Refactoring and Testing

Refactoring code and importing helper configurations for network setup, focusing on testing the contract functionality, and ensuring robustness in the process.

Writing Unit Tests

Creating unit test folders, writing test files, and setting up unit tests for functions like enter raffle and raffle records players.

Automating Subscription Creation

Automating the creation of subscriptions programmatically, using scripts to interact with the vrf coordinator, and updating the helper config with subscription information.

Funding Subscription and Link Token

Implementing the funding of subscriptions and link token in smart contracts, discussing the process of interacting with the vrf coordinator and updating local network configs.

Configuring Mock Link Token

Setting up the mock link token deployment for testing purposes.

Funding Subscription

Funding a subscription using the vrf coordinator and the link token address.

Adding Consumer

Adding a consumer to the contract and configuring the consumer address.

Performing Upkeep Tests

Writing tests for performing upkeep including checking upkeep status and closing the raffle.

Fuzz Testing

Introduction to fuzz testing with random inputs for testing scenarios.

Performing Fuzz Tests

Testing different scenarios with random inputs to improve test coverage.

Winner Resets and Sends Money

Simulating the selection of a winner in the raffle and sending money to the winner.

Debugging and Testing

Discussing the debugging process, including identifying errors and fixing them using Forge tests and modifying configuration parameters. Emphasizing the importance of thorough testing to ensure correct functionality and code coverage.

Fork Tests

Explaining the process of running Fork tests using different configurations and addresses to test the smart contract's functionality accurately. Demonstrating the use of helper config and deployment scripts for testing.

Anvil Deployment

Describing the deployment process to Anvil for local testing of smart contracts before deploying to a public test net. Stressing the significance of testing locally before moving to a live network.

ERC20 Token Creation

Demonstrating the creation of an ERC20 token by defining necessary functions like name, decimals, total supply, balance of, and transfer functions. Explaining the mapping of addresses to balances for token management.

Introduction to Open Zeppelin Contracts

Introduction to the popular Open Zeppelin Contracts project, which provides pre-written smart contracts such as ERC20 tokens, governance contracts, and more for easy integration into projects.

Working with Open Zeppelin Contracts

Demonstration of how to work with Open Zeppelin Contracts, including installation, importing, and inheriting contracts like ERC20 tokens.

Creating a New Token with Open Zeppelin

Walkthrough of creating a new token using the Open Zeppelin ERC20 contract, setting up the token, and testing its functionality.

Writing Tests for the Token Contract

Guide on writing tests for the token contract, starting with basic tests like balance transfers, allowances, and ensuring contract functions work as intended.

Understanding ERC-20 Tokens and Transfer Functions

Explanation of ERC-20 tokens, transfer functions, approvals, and the transferFrom method for secure and controlled token transfers.

Token Allowances and Approvals

Explanation of token allowances, approval mechanisms, and how users can authorize other addresses to spend tokens on their behalf.

Deploying and Testing ERC-20 Tokens

Deployment of ERC-20 tokens on different networks, writing tests for token functionalities, and utilizing AI for test writing assistance.

Introduction to NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens)

Overview of NFTs, including the ERC-721 standard, unique token IDs, and the value of NFTs in representing digital art and collectibles.

Creating and Deploying NFTs

Detailed steps on creating and deploying NFTs, using IPFS for decentralized storage, generating token URIs, minting NFTs, and setting up metadata for NFTs.

Utilizing IPFS for Decentralized Storage

Explanation of IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) for decentralized storage, including hashing data, pinning data, and hosting data on IPFS nodes.

Hashing Arrays in Solidity

Explained the concept of hashing arrays in Solidity as a method to compare two arrays more easily by converting strings to bytes using ABI and keccak and checking the equality.

String Comparison in Solidity

Discussed the challenges of comparing strings in Solidity due to their representation as bytes and the use of encod packed function to convert strings to bytes for comparison.

Creating and Testing User in Solidity

Demonstrated the creation of a user in Solidity and recommended using URI, JSON format, and image uploading to IPFS for storing user information and minting NFTs with assertions for validation.

Minting NFTs and Interactions in Solidity

Explained the process of minting NFTs in Solidity using interactions, deployment scripts, and testing capabilities, including using Forge STD SL script for minting NFTs.

Deploying and Testing NFTs on Anvil

Guided through the deployment of NFTs on Anvil, testing the deployment on a testnet, and the advantages of using IPFS for hosting NFTs over traditional websites.

Creating SVGs and On-Chain Generation

Introduced the creation of SVG images on-chain, explaining the benefits of SVGs over traditional image formats and how to encode SVGs for on-chain use.

Developing Mood NFTs in Solidity

Walked through the development of mood-based NFTs in Solidity, including creating mood-specific SVG images, metadata, and deploying the mood NFT contract with testing.

Automating SVG Encoding in Solidity

Automated the encoding of SVG images in Solidity by creating a function to convert SVG text to base64 encoding for on-chain use, enhancing readability and efficiency.

Introduction to NFTs

Discussion about NFTs, including understanding and encoding them.

Unit Testing vs. Integration Testing

Comparison between unit testing and integration testing in NFT development.

Deployment and Interaction Scripts

Setting up deployment scripts and interactions for NFTs on the Anvil chain.

Understanding EVM Op Codes

Explanation of EVM Op Codes and their significance in Ethereum development.

Encoding and Decoding in Solidity

Exploration of encoding and decoding data in Solidity contracts.

Function Selectors and ABI Encoding

Introduction to function selectors and ABI encoding for smart contract interactions.

Populating Data Field for Transactions

Demonstration of populating the data field for Ethereum transactions with encoded data.

Understanding Function Signatures in Smart Contracts

Explaining the importance of understanding function signatures in smart contracts to ensure that transactions are executed correctly and securely.

Creating a New Contract in Remix Ethereum

Demonstrating the process of creating a new contract in Remix Ethereum and the importance of distinguishing between different function signatures.

Gas Price Bit Ether Signature Conflict

Discussing issues related to function signature conflicts, specifically focusing on a scenario involving gas price bit ether and transfer from functions.

Introduction to Defi (Decentralized Finance)

Providing an overview of decentralized finance (Defi), including a brief explanation of its core concepts and applications.

Understanding Stablecoins

Explaining the concept of stablecoins, their significance, and categorization into different types based on collateralization and stability mechanisms.

Creating a Decentralized Stablecoin Contract

Guiding through the process of creating a decentralized stablecoin contract, specifying the use of Ethereum and Bitcoin as collateral and pegging the stablecoin to USD.

Overview of ERC20 Burnable Constructor

The ERC20 Burnable Constructor is discussed, which requires using the ERC20 Constructor and being controlled by the engine.

Creating Ownable Contract

The process of creating an Ownable contract is explained to ensure that only the owner can perform certain functions.

Implementing Burn Function

Details on implementing a burn function that allows only the owner to burn tokens and includes a check for non-zero balance.

Implementing Mint Function

Details on implementing a mint function that allows only the owner to mint tokens with proper sanitization checks.

Completing the Contract

Finalizing the contract with necessary functions like burn and mint, and ensuring correct token control by the owner.

Building the Engine

Initiating the development of a decentralized stable coin engine to maintain a 1:1 peg with the USD and be backed by ETH and BTC.

Setting up Network Config

Setting up the network configuration by importing and configuring mock aggregators and ERC-20 tokens for testing.

Creating Mock Aggregators

Creating mock V3 aggregators for ETH-USD and BTC-USD price feeds with initial values.

Creating ERC-20 Mock Tokens

Creating and configuring ERC-20 mock tokens for testing interactions and transfers in the protocol.

Setting Default Anvil Key

Setting the default Anvil key for working with Anvil Constructor based on blockchain ID.

Testing Network Configurations

Testing the network configurations and active network based on the blockchain ID and retrieving Co-Pilot and Anvil keys.

Creating DSC Engine Tests

Setting up DSC engine tests including functions like get USD value, get collateral account, and writing unit tests while coding.

Refactoring and Writing Tests

Refactoring code to internal functions, writing tests for get USD value and collateral redemption, and discussing the importance of testing while coding.

Implementing Liquidation Function

Implementing liquidation function to liquidate undercollateralized users in the protocol and explaining the liquidation process.

Writing Internal Functions

Writing internal functions like redeem collateral and burn DSC with internal calls and checks for Health Factor before operations.

Testing Protocol Functionalities

Writing tests for various protocol functionalities including price feed, deposit collateral, and constructor tests to ensure correct protocol behavior.

Testing Reverts with Mock Rand Token

In this chapter, the speaker discusses testing reverts with a mock Rand token in the context of depositing collateral and expecting it to revert. The process involves setting up a function to handle the test scenario and checking for proper reversion with random data inputs.

Creating Public Collateral Functions

This section covers the creation of public collateral functions to ensure access to account information and the minted collateral value in USD. The speaker walks through the process of setting up modifiers and assertions to validate the expected collateral values.

Fixing Test Assertion and Collateral Value Calculation

Here, the speaker identifies and corrects an issue with test assertions related to the collateral value in USD calculation. Through debugging and adjustment of the comparison parameters, the speaker ensures the expected deposit amount aligns with the collateral value in USD.

Writing Tests for DSC Engine and Refactoring

The speaker emphasizes the importance of writing comprehensive tests for the DSC engine and encourages experimentation and refactoring to optimize code quality. The chapter also discusses the significance of uncovering and addressing bugs in multiple functions within the system.

Introduction to Fuzz Testing and Invariant Tests

This chapter introduces fuzz testing and invariant tests, explaining the concept of supplying random data to the system to detect and prevent vulnerabilities. The speaker dives into the importance of maintaining invariants and using tools like Foundry for robust testing strategies.

Handler-Based Testing and Advanced Fuzz Testing

In this section, the focus shifts to handler-based testing and advanced fuzz testing methodologies. The speaker delves into strategies for narrowing down function calls to improve testing efficiency and explores the complexities of testing in stateful and stateless environments.

Importing DSC Engine Functions

Explaining the main functions and contracts that the Handler will call in the DSC Engine.

Creating Deposit Collateral Function

Discussing the creation of a function to deposit collateral in the DSC Engine and the randomization process involved.

Creating Handler Contract

Creating a Handler contract to call functions in the DSC Engine and running tests.

Validating Collateral Type

Discussing the selection and validation of collateral types for depositing in the system.

Implementing Redeem Collateral Function

Explaining the function to redeem collateral and ensuring it retrieves the correct amount based on user balance.

Testing and Handling Reverts

Testing for reverts and fixing issues related to insufficient allowance for deposits in the system.

Implementing Mint Function

Creating a function to mint DSC tokens and ensuring proper validation and testing for the process.

Integrating Price Feed Updates

Integrating price feed updates in the system and ensuring protocol stability in case of rapid price fluctuations.

Implementing Oracle Library

Creating an Oracle library to check and pause functionality in case of stale prices from the price feeds.

Introduction to Smart Contract Development

The speaker explains the process of developing smart contracts, including importing necessary modules like ownable from Open Zeppelin, setting up a simple token contract, and discussing the need for a mint function.

Introduction to Merkel Trees and Merkel Proofs

The speaker introduces Merkel trees and Merkel proofs, explaining their role in cryptography and data structures. They discuss the concept of Merkel trees, root hashes, and Merkel proofs, highlighting their importance in verifying data integrity and preventing fraud.

Implementing Merkel Trees and Merkel Proofs

The speaker delves into the implementation of Merkel trees and Merkel proofs in smart contracts. They explain the process of hashing data, creating proofs, and verifying the integrity of data using Merkel trees.

Testing and Deployment of Merkel Airdrop Contract

The speaker demonstrates the testing and deployment of a Merkel airdrop contract. They discuss writing tests to ensure the functionality of the contract, deploying the contract, and handling token transfers and airdrops effectively.

Enhancing Security with Signature Verification

The speaker explores the concept of signature verification in smart contracts. They explain why signature verification is essential for ensuring transaction security and discuss the implementation of signature validation to prevent unauthorized access and ensure data integrity.

Smart Contracts and EIP 191

Explanation of smart contracts and EIP 191, including how to set up an EIP 191 signature.

EIP 712

Detailed explanation of EIP 712 including domain separator, hash struct, and message struct.

Signature Malleability and EC Recover

Discussion on signature malleability, EC recover, and preventing replay attacks.

Transaction Types on Ethereum

Overview of different transaction types on Ethereum and ZK sync, including their differences and uses.

Blob Transactions and EIP 4844 Proto Dan Sharding

Explanation of Blob Transactions, EIP 4844 Proto Dan Sharding, and its impact on Ethereum transactions.

Account Abstraction and Signature Verification

Explanation of account abstraction, signature verification in smart contracts, and testing the implementation.

Setting Up ZK Sync and Transaction Validation

Setting up ZK sync, transaction validation, and deploying contracts with ZK sync compiler.

Running Scripts and Signing Messages on Anvil Local Node

Explains how to run scripts on Anvil local node, deploy tokens like Merkel airdrop and Bagel, sign messages, and split signatures into components V, R, and S.

Claiming Tokens and Broadcasting on Anvil Local Node

Details the process of claiming tokens, paying gas fees, broadcasting, and checking token balances on Anvil local node.

Deploying Smart Contracts on ZK Sync and ZK Sync Local

Covers deploying smart contracts on ZK Sync and ZK Sync local, including running commands and setting up bash scripts for deployment.

Upgradable Smart Contracts: Strategies and Considerations

Discusses the concept of upgradable smart contracts, pros and cons of different upgrading methodologies, and the importance of thorough planning before implementing upgradeable contracts.

Delegate Call Function in Solidity

Explains delegate call function in Solidity, its functionality, and how it can be used to delegate function calls between contracts, providing an example with inline assembly code.

Introduction to Account Abstraction

Explanation of how account abstraction works in the context of smart contracts, private keys, and wallet management. Overview of gas preservation, transaction signing, and account abstraction techniques.

Upgrades with UUPS Proxy

Demonstration of upgrading smart contracts using UUPS proxy pattern. Includes deployment process, implementation, and testing of upgraded contracts.

Introduction to Contract Verification

Introduction to contract verification in the Ethereum ecosystem and the ability to verify parameters in ZK sync smart contracts.

Arbitrum Example

Explanation of an example scenario in Arbitrum where transactions are sent directly to Ethereum instead of ZK sync.

Special Transaction Flows

Discussion on setting special flows for smart contracts such as using special session keys or multisig wallets for transactions.

Building with Ethereum

Introduction to building with Ethereum, setting up a project, and the excitement of learning in the upcoming sections.

Creating a Smart Contract Wallet

Step-by-step guide on creating and deploying a basic AA on ZK sync, deploying, and sending a user operation through it.

Validating User Operations

Details on validating user operations, understanding the data structure, and ensuring the transaction validity within alt mempool nodes.

Account Abstraction Project

Importing and using account abstraction project, setting up and using version v07 for codebase, and initializing the project.

Custom Functions and Signatures

Creating custom functions like _validate signature, validating signatures, and understanding the entrypoint contract's role.

Setting Permissions and Ownership

Managing permissions and ownership in the account abstraction project, ensuring validation by entry point contract, and setting up modifiers.

Adding Functionality to Smart Contracts

Adding functionality to smart contracts, allowing execution of transactions, defining getters, and setting up basic functions for contract operations.

Testing and Deployment

Testing the contract functionalities, deploying contracts, setting up helper configurations, and testing different scenarios for validation and interaction.

Function: Generate Signed User Operation

This chapter covers the process of generating a signed user operation, including the creation of smart contracts, signing using private keys, and creating a user signed operation.

Deploying Mock Entrypoint Contract

In this section, the deployment of a mock entrypoint contract is discussed to work with account abstraction efficiently, ensuring security and preventing cross-chain replay attacks.

Debugging and Testing User Operations

The segment focuses on debugging and testing user operations, including validating signed user operations, recovering public keys, and validating user ops for correct functionality.

Testing Validation of User Operations

This chapter covers testing the validation of user operations, ensuring the correct execution of codes and functionality to enhance security and prevent errors in the system.

Final Testing and Deployment

The final section discusses the testing of user operations, debugging, deployment process, ensuring correct wallet funding, and executing business logic with minimal accounts and account abstraction.

Default Account Setup

Every smart contract account is set up as a default account in ZK Sync, making it easier to interact with different functions without deploying an entry point contract.

ZK Minimal Account Creation

Creating a new file 'ZK Minimal Account' in ZK Sync to interact with the IAccount interface, import necessary modules, define functions, and handle memory transactions to validate and execute transactions.

Transaction Helper Functions

Exploration of functions like validate transaction, prepare for pay master, and their role in simplifying the transaction process in ZK Sync by handling account abstraction type functions.

Memory Transaction Helper

Importing and using the memory transaction helper to convert call data to memory for easier handling of transaction-related operations in ZK Sync.

Redefining ZK Sync Transactions

Understanding the struct transaction used in ZK Sync transactions and its variations, such as type one, type two, type three, and account transaction types of 113, aka 0x71, which include gas and pay master functionalities.

ZK Sync System Contracts

Exploration of system contracts in ZK Sync, such as the contract deployer and nuns holder system, and their role in simplifying interactions within the ZK Sync ecosystem.

Account Abstraction Transactions

Detailing the account abstraction transactions in ZK Sync, including the process of validating, incrementing nuns, handling transactions, and ensuring only authorized entities can interact with the system.

Cache and Recompile

Instructions on caching, deleting, and recompiling along with the importance of the powerful work being done.

Writing Tests

Discussion on writing tests and not writing scripts to run the tests, utilizing JavaScript scripts instead.

Deploying with Hard Hat

Explaining the deployment process with Hard Hat, showcasing JavaScript scripts for deploying and running account abstraction transactions on ZK sync.

Testing ZK Minimal Account

Explanation and demonstration of setting up and testing the ZK minimal account, including executing commands and transactions.

Validating Transactions

Demonstration of validating transactions and signing them, as well as showcasing account validation success magic in testing.

Executing Account Abstraction

Execution of account abstraction transactions on ZK sync, including deploying and interacting with smart contracts and wallets.

Understanding Account Abstraction

Overview of account abstraction concept, execution, and testing on ZK sync, emphasizing the power and versatility of the platform.

Introduction to DAOs

Brief introduction to Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and the importance of understanding them before delving into coding them.

Exploring DAOs

Exploration of DAOs, their significance, governance, and voting mechanisms, highlighting the aspects of voting power, skin in the game, and proof of personhood.

Transaction Mechanism in a DAO

Explains the transaction mechanism in a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and the use of signed transactions in a single transaction.

Off-Chain Voting and Gas Efficiency

Discusses off-chain voting mechanisms in DAOs and the benefits of saving gas by using an off-chain solution like Snapshot.

Centralized Oracle Risks

Highlights the risks associated with reintroducing centralized intermediaries, such as centralizing a DAO through a centralized Oracle.

Dow Building Tools

Introduces various tools for building and running a DAO, including Snapshot, IPFS, Zodiac, and Tally, and emphasizes the importance of open Zeppelin contracts.

Governance Token Implementation

Explains the implementation of a governance token in a DAO using ERC20 votes and the features of the token, such as historical voting power and checkpoints.

Introduction to Smart Contract Security

Discusses the importance of security in smart contracts, the risks of unaudited code, the need for security audits, and the benefits of a security-focused approach in protocol development.

Smart Contract Audit Process

Provides insights into the smart contract audit process, including the importance of audits before deployment, the role of auditors, the audit timeline, finding vulnerabilities, and the post-audit process of fixing issues.

Smart Contract Security Tools

Explains various tools used in smart contract security such as test suites, static analysis, fuzz testing, formal verification, symbolic execution, and abstract interpretation to ensure code integrity and identify vulnerabilities.

Auditing Process and Techniques

Explores the auditing process, techniques used by auditors, manual review, high-level understanding of solidity, unit tests, and the importance of communication between auditors and developers during audits.

Formal Verification and Symbolic Execution

Discusses formal verification, symbolic execution, invariant creation, and the use of tools like the solidity smt checker to enhance security and identify potential issues in smart contracts.

Conclusion and Next Steps

Encouragement to apply the learned knowledge, participate in hackathons, contribute to projects, and continue learning to become proficient in smart contract security and development.


FAQ

Q: What is the significance of the secret recovery phrase in Metamask?

A: The secret recovery phrase in Metamask is a series of 12 words generated during setup to recover the wallet. It is crucial to keep it secure to avoid unauthorized access to the wallet.

Q: Why is it advised against sharing the secret recovery phrase with anyone?

A: Sharing the secret recovery phrase with anyone is advised against to ensure the safety of the wallet and prevent unauthorized access or potential security breaches.

Q: Why is it important to use separate wallets for real money transactions and practice transactions?

A: Using separate wallets for real money transactions and practice transactions helps in distinguishing between real financial dealings and experimentation, minimizing the risk of errors or loss.

Q: What is the significance of gas in Ethereum transactions?

A: Gas in Ethereum transactions is used to cover the computational cost of processing transactions on the network. It determines the fees paid by users for their transactions.

Q: What are the basics of blockchain technology covered in the course?

A: The basics of blockchain technology covered in the course include block creation, mining, immutability of data, private keys, digital signatures, gas fees, and transaction security.

Q: What are some best practices for effective solidity code writing according to the course?

A: Best practices for effective solidity code writing include memory and storage management, using mappings for efficient data retrieval, and ABI for interacting with smart contracts.

Q: How can developers handle arithmetic operations securely in Solidity?

A: Developers can handle arithmetic operations safely in Solidity by implementing the SafeMath library, which prevents overflow or underflow errors in calculations.

Q: What is the role of modifiers in Solidity contracts and how are they used?

A: Modifiers in Solidity contracts add functionalities quickly and securely. They are used with keywords like 'only owner' to restrict access to specific functions or operations.

Q: What are the key considerations when deploying a smart contract securely?

A: Key considerations for secure smart contract deployment include securing private keys, encrypting them, following best practices for key management, and utilizing secure methodologies for deployment.

Q: Why is testing contracts on forked networks recommended before deploying to the mainnet?

A: Testing contracts on forked networks allows for faster and efficient testing, ensuring that the contracts function correctly before deployment on the mainnet to prevent potential issues or vulnerabilities.

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